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Scoring accuracy audit

Where every instrument in the catalogue stands against its published scoring source: verified with citations, set by ClientForms, or still awaiting source verification. This page is generated from the same configuration the product runs on, so it always shows what actually ships.

Why this page exists

In August 2026 a review of the scoring engine found a defect affecting seven instruments. Many questionnaires include reverse-scored questions, where disagreeing is the healthy answer, and scoring is supposed to flip those before adding them up. For those seven instruments the engine was not applying the flip, so affected totals differed from the instrument's published scoring method. One instrument (SPANE) totalled its positive and negative scores where the published method subtracts them.

The same review found interpretation labels that overstated their provenance: some ranges authored by ClientForms displayed under a generic "published band" phrase. Every interpretation label now states its source explicitly: "published band" only appears with the citation, ClientForms ranges say so plainly, and anything still awaiting verification makes no claim at all.

Corrections went live in production within a day of being found. The engine now applies reverse scoring correctly, verified question by question against each instrument's official published scoring key. Every affected historical result was recalculated: we store the raw answers, so history could be corrected, not just the future. The fix was proven end to end by submitting questionnaires with known correct answers through the live product in both hosting regions and getting exactly the textbook results.

Rather than treat that as closed and move on, we are publishing the audit itself. This page is the standing record.

Is the score itself accurate?

A result has two layers, and this page audits them separately. The first layer is the score: direct arithmetic on the person's answers, computed by the scoring engine using the instrument's configured method (a sum, a mean, or the instrument's own formula). The second layer is the interpretation shown next to it: severity ranges, cut-offs, and their labels.

The score layer is protected by checks that apply to every instrument in the catalogue, not only the verified rows below:

  • in August 2026, every deployed questionnaire on the platform was checked for the reverse-scoring defect class described above. Seven instruments were affected and corrected; no others were found
  • the scoring output of every instrument in the catalogue is locked by an automated snapshot suite: any change to any score, on any instrument, fails the test run until the change is deliberately reviewed
  • a standing guard test fails if any instrument declares reverse-scored questions the engine is not honouring, or reverses a question twice

"Awaiting source verification" is about the second layer only: whether the interpretation ranges shown beside a score have been compared, edge for edge, against the instrument's primary published source. A row still in that queue does not mean its score is suspect; it means the citation-level check on its interpretive labelling has not run yet, so the result makes no provenance claim in the meantime.

How verification works

An instrument earns "verified" status here only when its interpretation cut-offs have been compared edge for edge against the primary published source: the instrument developer's own paper, manual, or scoring materials, never a third-party summary. Where an instrument publishes no cut-offs, our interpretive ranges say plainly that ClientForms set them. Everything else is marked awaiting source verification and makes no claim in either direction.

The status is then held in place mechanically. A standing test fails the build if any interpretation range is labelled "published" without its citation, the production build refuses to ship on any type error, and the table below is generated from the live scoring configuration rather than written by hand, so it cannot drift from what the product does.

The catalogue at a glance

17
verified against the published source, with citation
15
ClientForms interpretive ranges, where the instrument publishes no cut-offs
231
awaiting source verification, shown neutrally

263 instruments in total. The audit proceeds instrument by instrument, most-used first; a row moves up only when its cut-offs match the primary source exactly. Where our ranges differ from a published structure, the row stays neutral until the difference is resolved, never silently relabelled.

Verified against the published source

Interpretation cut-offs match the cited source exactly. Where the instrument uses reverse-scored questions, the scoring key was also checked item by item.

AQ-10 Autism Spectrum Quotient (Short Form)

Published bands: Allison, Auyeung & Baron-Cohen (2012)

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

Published bands: Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders & Monteiro (2001), WHO AUDIT manual 2nd ed.

Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE-10)

Published bands: Barkham et al. (2013)

Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - 42 (DASS-42)

Published bands: Lovibond & Lovibond (1995)

Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)

Published bands: Lovibond & Lovibond (1995)

Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10)

Published bands: Skinner (1982); DAST Interpretation Guide (ARF/CAMH)
  • The developer describes these interpretation bands as tentative guidelines.

Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26)

Published bands: Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel (1982)

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

Published bands: Cox, Holden & Sagovsky (1987)
  • Bands encode the developer screening thresholds (9/10 and 12/13); the developers advise the scale shows symptoms are present, not their severity.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)

Published bands: Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & Löwe (2006)

Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Form (GDS-15)

Published bands: Sheikh & Yesavage (1986); Yesavage GDS scoring materials

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)

Published bands: Andrews & Slade (2001)

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Published bands: Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams (2001)

PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)

Published bands: Blevins et al. (2015); Bovin et al. (2016); NCPTSD guidance
  • The instrument steward publishes no severity ranges; the bands encode the provisional diagnostic cut-point only.

SCOFF Eating Disorder Screening Questionnaire

Published bands: Morgan, Reid & Lacey (1999)

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

Published bands: Goodman (1997); youthinmind SDQ scoring, parent 4-17
  • Bands are the developer table for the parent-completed version, ages 4 to 17.

WHO-5 Well-Being Index

Published bands: WHO-5 official guidance (WHO 2024); Topp et al. (2015)
  • Higher scores mean better wellbeing; the published threshold is a screen, not a severity gradient.

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG)

Published bands: Zung (1965); SDS Index cut-offs applied via raw × 1.25

ClientForms interpretive ranges

These instruments publish no interpretation cut-offs. A bare number is hard to place, so where the developer defines no thresholds we provide descriptive orientation ranges over the instrument's score range. Where a published structure exists we adopt that instead; that is what the verified section above is.

The trust claim for these ranges is deliberately small. Each one is labelled "set by ClientForms" on every report, so it can never be mistaken for the developer's thresholds; it describes where a score sits, it does not diagnose; and the clinical interpretation stays with the practitioner reading it. Several of these instruments also had their scoring keys verified item by item during the August 2026 audit; those checks are noted below.

Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against English et al. (2021) official scoring key (Additional file 2) on 2026-08-02. Reverse key and subscale layout are exact. Scoring key only: our item wording deviates from the published items (see flags).

  • Item wording is a platform adaptation rather than the verbatim published items.
  • Withdrawn from send menus until the published wording is restored.

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-36)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against Gratz and Roemer (2004) on 2026-08-02. Word-for-word item match; the 11-item reverse key is exact.

  • Scoring key verified, but this instrument is not currently offered in any send menu.

Experience in Close Relationships Scale - Short Form (ECR-S)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against Wei et al. (2007) appendix on 2026-08-02. The reverse key is exact (items 1, 5, 8 and 9).

Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against ECR-R item key hosted by the instrument author (Fraley) on 2026-08-02. The 14-item reverse key is exact (attachment anxiety items 9 and 11 plus 12 avoidance items).

Girls Questionnaire for Autism Spectrum Conditions (GQ-ASC)

Ranges set by ClientForms

International Personality Item Pool - NEO - 120 item version (IPIP-NEO-120)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against Official IPIP-NEO facet scoring key (ipip.ori.org) on 2026-08-02. All 120 item texts matched; the 55-item reverse key is exact; canonical Johnson item order confirmed.

Life Skills Profile (LSP-16)

Ranges set by ClientForms
  • The validated administration method is rating by the treating practitioner or another informed observer; a clear caveat is shown when it is sent for self-report.

Maladaptive Schema Scale

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against MSS v1.4 published questionnaire and the Buchanan et al. validation paper on 2026-08-02. The 17-item reverse key is exact. Scoring key only: the published response scale differs from ours (see flags).

  • Uses a 1 to 6 response scale where the published instrument uses 0 to 4, so published thresholds do not transfer.
  • Withdrawn from send menus until it is re-issued on the published scale.

Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness - Version 2 (MAIA-2)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness – Youth (MAIA-Y)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE)

Ranges set by ClientForms

Scoring key checked item by item against Diener et al. (2010) on 2026-08-02. Balance formula (SPANE-B = positive minus negative), score ranges, item membership and item order all confirmed.

Awaiting source verification

The scores for these instruments are covered by the platform-wide checks under "Is the score itself accurate?": computed by the same engine as everything above, swept for the reverse-scoring defect class in August 2026, and locked by the snapshot suite so no score can change without a test catching it. What has not yet happened is the citation-level comparison of interpretation cut-offs against each instrument's primary source. Until that check runs, their results render neutrally: scores and any configured ranges are shown without a provenance claim in either direction. Listing them plainly is part of the point; this section is expected to shrink.

Show all 231 instruments awaiting source verification
  • 5-D Itch Scale
  • 6-Item Stigmatization Scale
  • Acceptance and Action Questionnaire - II (AAQ-II)
  • Action Research Arm Test (ARAT)
  • Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC)
  • ADAM (Low Testosterone Screen)
  • ADHD Clinical Outcome Scale – Clinician (ACOS-Clinician)
  • ADHD Clinical Outcome Scale – Self-Report (ACOS-Self)
  • ADHD Emotional Sensitivity Screener (RSD-15)
  • ADHD-FIS (Functional Impact Scale)
  • Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES)
  • Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1)
  • Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI)
  • Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA-27)
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q)
  • Agnew Relationship Measure (ARM-5)
  • Alcohol Use (AUDIT-C)
  • AMS (Aging Males' Symptoms)
  • Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS)
  • Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI)
  • Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ)
  • ASRS-6 ADHD Screener
  • Attachment Style Questionnaire - Short Form (ASQ-SF)
  • Autism Spectrum Quotient – Adolescent (AQ-Adolescent)
  • Autism Spectrum Quotient – Children's Version (AQ-Child)
  • Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ)
  • Autism Symptom Dimensions Questionnaire (ASDQ)
  • Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC)
  • Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
  • Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire - Believability (ATQ-B)
  • Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale
  • Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
  • Binge-Eating Scale (BES)
  • Body Surface Area (BSA)
  • Borderline Symptom List-23 (BSL-23)
  • Brief 2-Way Social Support Scale
  • Brief COPE
  • Brief Early Schema Questionnaire (BESQ)
  • Brief Emotional Distress Scale for Youth (BEDSY)
  • Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10)
  • Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ)
  • Brief Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (B-HiTOP)
  • Brief Perceived Partner Responsiveness
  • Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)
  • Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)
  • C-SSRS Self-Report Screener (Recent)
  • Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R)
  • Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)
  • Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI-13)
  • Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC)
  • Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST)
  • Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI)
  • Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT)
  • Children's Obsessional Compulsive Inventory – Self-Report (ChOCI-R-S)
  • Client Satisfaction Survey (CSS)
  • Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA)
  • Communication Patterns Questionnaire — Short Form (CPQ-SF)
  • Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ)
  • Compassion Motivation and Action Scales - Compassion (CMAS-other)
  • Compassion Motivation and Action Scales - Self-Compassion (CMAS-self)
  • Composite Caregiving Questionnaire (CCQ)
  • CORE-OM Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation
  • Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16)
  • Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32)
  • Cyber Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI-9)
  • Death Anxiety Beliefs and Behaviours Scale (DABBS)
  • Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – Youth (DASS-Y)
  • Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-10)
  • Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)
  • Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ'07)
  • Digital Stress Scale
  • Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 (DAR-5)
  • Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II)
  • Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT)
  • Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0)
  • Eating Disorder-15 (ED-15)
  • Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)
  • Eczema Screening (UK Working Party Criteria)
  • Empathy Quotient (EQ-40)
  • Equanimity Scale (ES-16)
  • Executive Skills Questionnaire - Revised (ESQ-R)
  • Extreme Demand Avoidance – 8 (EDA-8)
  • Extreme Demand Avoidance Questionnaire – Adult (EDA-QA)
  • Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I)
  • Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)
  • Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)
  • Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15)
  • Flourishing Scale (FS)
  • Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS)
  • Fugl-Meyer Assessment — Upper Extremity (FMA-UE)
  • Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)
  • GAGS Global Acne Grading System
  • Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA)
  • Gender Preoccupation and Stability Questionnaire-2
  • General Behaviour Inventory
  • General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)
  • Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)
  • HiSCR - Hidradenitis Suppurativa Response
  • IBR Modified Overt Aggression Scale
  • IGA - Investigator Global Assessment
  • Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R)
  • Indigenous Risk Impact Screen (IRIS)
  • Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
  • Institute for Basic Research – Modified Overt Aggression Scale (IBR-MOAS)
  • Internal State Scale (ISS)
  • International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent (ITQ-CA)
  • International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ)
  • Internet Addiction Test (IAT)
  • IPSS (Prostate Symptoms)
  • Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL)
  • Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K5)
  • Kessler Psychological Distress Scale Plus (K10+)
  • Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ)
  • Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)
  • Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R)
  • Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)
  • Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS-22)
  • McLean Screening Instrument for BPD (MSI-BPD)
  • Menopause Depression Rating Scale (MENO-D)
  • Mindfulness-Based Self Efficacy Scale - Revised
  • Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
  • Mood and Feelings Questionnaire - Self Report (MFQ-Self)
  • Mood and Feelings Questionnaire – Parent Report (MFQ-Parent)
  • Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)
  • MRS (Menopause Rating Scale)
  • Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation - Adolescent (MID-60A)
  • Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID-60)
  • Music in Dementia Assessment Scales (MiDAS)
  • Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI)
  • Neck Disability Index (NDI)
  • Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale (NEADL)
  • NovoPsych Five Factor Personality Scale - 30 item version (NFFPS-30)
  • Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)
  • Numeric Rating Scale - Itch (NRS-Itch)
  • Obsessional Compulsive Inventory – Revised Parent (ChOCI-R-P)
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Revised (OCI-R)
  • Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)
  • Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)
  • Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
  • Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ)
  • Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS)
  • Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)
  • Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure
  • Patient-Oriented SCORAD (PO-SCORAD)
  • Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE)
  • Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS)
  • PBI - Patient Benefit Index
  • PC-PTSD-5 (Trauma screen)
  • Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17)
  • Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ)
  • Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC)
  • Perfectionistic Cognitions Inventory (PCI)
  • Personal Wellbeing Index - Adult (PWI-A)
  • Personal Wellbeing Index - School Children (PWI-SC)
  • Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Short Form
  • PEST Psoriatic Arthritis Screening
  • Phobic Stimuli Response Scale (PSRS)
  • Physician Global Assessment (PGA)
  • Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
  • Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs) Scale
  • Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS)
  • Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)
  • PROMIS Ability to Participate in Social Roles 4a
  • PROMIS Physical Function 4a
  • PROMIS Physical Function Short Form 10a
  • PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 4a
  • PROMIS Upper Extremity Short Form 7a
  • Protective Factors of Resilience Scale
  • Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)
  • PSYCHLOPS During Therapy
  • PSYCHLOPS Post-Therapy
  • PSYCHLOPS Pre-Therapy
  • QuickDASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand — Short)
  • Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS)
  • Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI)
  • Relationship Assessment Scale
  • Relationship Flourishing Scale (RFS)
  • Repetitive Behaviours Questionnaire-3 (RBQ-3)
  • Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Parent (RCADS-Parent)
  • Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-Child)
  • Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R)
  • Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)
  • Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
  • SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)
  • Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders – Parent (SCARED-Parent)
  • Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED Child)
  • Self-Administered PASI (SAPASI)
  • Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form (SCS-SF)
  • Self-Compassion Scale — Short Form (SCS-SF)
  • Self-Expression & Emotion Regulation in Arts Therapies (SERAPTS)
  • Session Reactions Scale (SRS-3-B)
  • Short Falls Efficacy Scale – International (Short FES-I)
  • Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI)
  • Skindex-29 Skin Quality of Life
  • SNAP-IV Rating Scale
  • Social Anxiety and Distress Scale (SADS)
  • Spence Children's Anxiety Scale – Parent (SCAS-Parent)
  • Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS-Child)
  • Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM-III)
  • State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS)
  • Strengths and Stressors (SAS)
  • Stroke-Specific Quality of Life — Short Form (SS-QOL-12)
  • Supervisory Styles Inventory (SSI)
  • Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia — Short Form (TSK-11)
  • Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK)
  • Thought-Action Fusion Scale - Revised (TAFS-R)
  • Timed Up and Go (TUG)
  • Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)
  • Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI)
  • Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)
  • Trauma Recovery Measure (TRM)
  • Traumatic Grief Inventory – Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+)
  • Trust in Close Relationships Scale
  • Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI)
  • Valuing Questionnaire (VQ)
  • Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI)
  • Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS)
  • Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale (VADTRS)
  • Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS)
  • Weiss Symptom Record II (WSR-II)
  • Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-25)
  • WFIRS - Self Report
  • WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 - Interview
  • WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 - Proxy
  • WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 - Self-Report
  • World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule – Children (WHODAS-Child)
  • World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)
  • Young Person's CORE (YP-CORE)
  • Young Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (YSQ-S3)
  • Your Experience of Service (YES)

The standing commitment

Rows on this page move in one direction: from awaiting verification to verified, one primary source at a time. Nothing is labelled "published" without a citation, and a range that turns out to differ from its source gets flagged and resolved rather than quietly relabelled. If you spot something that looks wrong, write to support@clientforms.app and it will be checked against the source and answered directly.

See also Security & Privacy and how the assessments are designed for neurodivergent patients.